![]() ![]() īall EE, Hayward DC, Saint R, Miller DJ (2004) A simple plan-cnidarians and the origins of developmental mechanisms. īaker SC, Bauer SR, Beyer RP, Brenton JD, Bromley B, Burrill J, Causton H, Conley MP, Elespuru R, Fero M, Foy C, Fuscoe J, Gao X, Gerhold DL, Gilles P, Goodsaid F, Guo X, Hackett J, Hockett RD, Ikonomi P, Irizarry RA, Kawasaki ES, Kaysser-Kranich T, Kerr K, Kiser G, Koch WH, Lee KY, Liu C, Liu ZL, Lucas A, Manohar CF, Miyada G, Modrusan Z, Parkes H, Puri RK, Reid L, Ryder TB, Salit M, Samaha RR, Scherf U, Sendera TJ, Setterquist RA, Shi L, Shippy R, Soriano JV, Wagar EA, Warrington JA, Williams M, Wilmer F, Wilson M, Wolber PK, Wu X, Zadro R, External RNACC (2005) The external RNA controls consortium: a progress report. Īzuara V, Perry P, Sauer S, Spivakov M, Jorgensen HF, John RM, Gouti M, Casanova M, Warnes G, Merkenschlager M, Fisher AG (2006) Chromatin signatures of pluripotent cell lines. Development 122(1):243–252Īrendt D, Nubler-Jung K (1996) Common ground plans in early brain development in mice and flies. Development 124(9):1733–1743Īng SL, Jin O, Rhinn M, Daigle N, Stevenson L, Rossant J (1996) A targeted mouse Otx2 mutation leads to severe defects in gastrulation and formation of axial mesoderm and to deletion of rostral brain. Īndreazzoli M, Pannese M, Boncinelli E (1997) Activating and repressing signals in head development: the role of Xotx1 and Xotx2. Īkkers RC, van Heeringen SJ, Jacobi UG, Janssen-Megens EM, Francoijs KJ, Stunnenberg HG, Veenstra GJ (2009) A hierarchy of H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 acquisition in spatial gene regulation in Xenopus embryos. Development 127(6):1173–1183Īgulnick AD, Taira M, Breen JJ, Tanaka T, Dawid IB, Westphal H (1996) Interactions of the LIM-domain-binding factor Ldb1 with LIM homeodomain proteins. Īgius E, Oelgeschlager M, Wessely O, Kemp C, De Robertis EM (2000) Endodermal nodal-related signals and mesoderm induction in Xenopus. Īfouda BA, Ciau-Uitz A, Patient R (2005) GATA4, 5 and 6 mediate TGFbeta maintenance of endodermal gene expression in Xenopus embryos. KeywordsĪday AW, Zhu LJ, Lakshmanan A, Wang J, Lawson ND (2011) Identification of cis regulatory features in the embryonic zebrafish genome through large-scale profiling of H3K4me1 and H3K4me3 binding sites. ![]() Here, we discuss an evolutionary prospective for the organizer, focusing on (1) the formation of the organizer by combinatorial signaling pathways such as Wnt, Nodal, and Bmp and (2) the GRN regulating organizer formation and activity by TFs such as Lim1/Lhx1, Otx, Goosecoid, Brachyury, and FoxA. ![]() These analyses provide a platform for genome-wide evolutionary study of organizer-equivalent tissues in other organisms, including cnidarians. Recent genome-wide investigations have provided a comprehensive overview of transcription factor (TF) binding sites and regulatory principles of the gene regulatory network (GRN) in the Xenopus organizer. Here we review the molecular basis of vertebrate and cnidarian organizers, which have been widely studied using Xenopus, zebrafish, and mice for more than 20 years, and have relatively recently been studied using Nematostella. In sea anemone embryos, the organizer has recently been recognized in the blastoporal lip, implying its ancient origin among eumetazoans. This organizer is capable of inducing a secondary body axis when transplanted into the ventral region of a blastula embryo. In amphibians, the organizer-also known as the Spemann–Mangold organizer-is located in the dorsal blastopore lip of the gastrula embryo. The gastrula organizer, an embryonic tissue, has a central role in early development of all eumetazoans, from cnidarians to vertebrates. ![]()
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